Bikram Yoga Essays

Bikram Yoga Essays Bikram Yoga Paper Bikram Yoga Paper Exposition Topic: The Namesake The way of thinking and practice of Yoga go back to old occasions, starting maybe as ahead of schedule as 5,000 to 8,000 years prior. It has been contended that the standards or percepts set down in the primary methodical work on Yoga, Patanjalis Yoga Sutras, don't present a way of thinking, however are pragmatic directions for achieving certain mental states. Over numerous centuries, distinctive yogic reflective procedures had been created and used to reestablish and look after wellbeing, and eventually to accomplish conditions of edification. Yogic reflective procedures have been transmitted through Kundalini yoga, Sahaja yoga, Hatha yoga and the other yogic ancestries. In spite of the fact that there are various styles of yoga; the styles change as per the accentuation and blend of four essential segments: asanas, pranayamas, mantras, and the different reflection methods. In Kundalini yoga, there are a large number of various stances, some powerful and some static, and furthermore a great many diverse intervention methods, huge numbers of which are issue explicit. Kundalini yoga reflection procedures are normally rehearsed while keeping up a straight spine, and utilize countless explicit, and profoundly organized breathing examples, different eye and hand stances, and a wide assortment of mantras. These strategies evidently have various impacts and advantages in their individual mixes. 38 History of Bikram Yoga Bikram Choudhury established the Yoga College of India in Beverly Hills, California, in 1974. Bikram joined old yoga conventions with logical contribution from specialists at the Tokyo University Hospital to assemble a modernized and normalized exercise. Bikram yoga is a shrewdly structured arrangement of twenty-six stances that works the body from the back to front. Each stance reinforces and extends the muscles for the following stance. Breathing is composed with the stances, and there are likewise isolated breathing activities. Bikram yoga likewise prepares the brain through contemplation to develop poise, assurance, focus, and persistence. (Simpkins, Annellen 36) This is one of the regularly recommended yoga styles. Bikram Choudhury was himself a multi-sport competitor. He was a long distance runner and a world record holder in Olympic weightlifting. When referred to chiefly as the yoga of the stars, this style of hatha spread the United States by means of Beverly Hills. Bikram yoga is better referred to today as Hot Yoga since it is educated in a room kept at around 90 degrees Celsius. What numerous individuals don't know is that despite the fact that this style is indicated to have begun with its namesake Bikram Choudhury, it really can be followed back to Bishnu Gosh, the sibling of Paramahansa Yogananda who established the Self-Realization Fellowship in 1925. 26 Asanas of Bikram Yoga The significant pranayama and asanas for rectifying stomach issue are: Pranayama with Rechala and Puraka, Uttanapada asana, Pawana Mukta asana, Bhujanga asana, Shalabha asana, Pashchimottan asanas, and pranayama are depicted and shown: PRANAYAMA (with Rechaka and Puraka) Pranayana is an extraordinary sort of breathing activity. There are different types of pranayama; however each is done any other way, most share these three stages for all intents and purpose: Rechaka (Exhalation) Puraka (Inhalation) Kumbhaka (Retention) In this specific pranayama, there are just rechaka and puraka yet no kumbhaka (maintenance of the breath). One critical part of this pranayama is that it is a diaphragmatic relaxing. In this activity, the stomach is musically pulled in and out. It is essential to recollect that the stomach isn't pushed upward and descending. Advantages: This asana actuates the kidneys, liver, pancreas, and the entire stomach territory. As a result of this inside actuation, it expels clogging, wind inconveniences, heartburn, looseness of the bowels, the runs, sharpness, and gastrointestinal issue. This asanas likewise carries adaptability to the spine and fortifies the eyes, face, lungs, chest, neck, shoulders, and the entire upper territory of the body. Since it is an innocuous asana, it is suggested for each specialist. (Sinha 34) PASHCHIMOTTAN ASANA (Posterior stretch posture) Sit on the floor and stretch the two legs in front. Keep the heels and toes together. Be situated immovably, with the spine, neck, and head straight. At this stage, the hands ought to be on the floor on the two sides of the legs. DHANUR ASANA (Bow Pose) Lie on your stomach. Keep your arms extended on the two sides. Lay your head on either cheek on the floor. Bring the legs and heels together. Inhale ordinarily. Twist the two legs at the knees and bring the heels near your hips. At that point handle the correct lower leg with the correct hand and the left lower leg with the left hand. On the off chance that you think that its hard to arrive at the lower legs, your may hold the toes. Presently, holding either the lower legs or the toes immovably, bring the knees and the lower legs near one another. Keep the cheek on the floor. Advantages: Dhanur asana enacts all the organs of the endocrinal framework. The pancreas turns out to be completely invigorated as a result of the inside just as outside effect of this asana on it. Consequently, there is an inside and out molding of the pancreas. Accordingly, its typical wellbeing is reestablished and it starts to discharge insulin appropriately. The asana goodly affects the adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, pituitary, and sex organs. Since the cells of every one of these organs are initiated, the emission of their separate hormones gets typical. This asana revises issue of the joints, spinal ropes, lungs, chest, and mid-region. It evacuates different kinds of stomach inconveniences, creates stomach related force, and kills additional weight and fat. The asana has some particular advantages for ladies: it amends menstrual scatters and request inconveniences identified with the conceptive organs. (Sinha 63,64, 44, 45) UJJAYEE PRANAYAMA (In Lying Position) Pranayama is for the most part a kriya (work out) with air. It contains life power (Prana Shakti). It likewise has an engrossing, actuating, and kneading limit. On account of these characteristics, air is viewed as an incredible purifier just as a supplier of life to the internal organs of the body. The body utilizes these characteristics during pranayama. Ujjayee Pranayama can be polished in two positions: standing and lying. There is full effect of it in the primary position and somewhat less in the second. In any case, the first is an arduous and the secondis simpler. In this way, specialists are encouraged to rehearse Ujjayee resting for one month and afterward may change to the standing position. Advantages: The most wonderful advantages of Ujjayee are that it does the interior refinement, actuation, and stimulating, along with outside control and molding, all simultaneously. For asthmatics, Ujjayee is best for adjusting and fortifying the lungs and the bronchiole linings. (Sinha 70, 73) TARA ASANA (Palm Tree Pose): Stand up and make a forty-five degree point with the feet. Let the hands hang freely along the edges. Keep the body straight and look forward at eye level. Inhale regularly. This is the situation of preparation. Advantages: Tara asana reinforces the lungs and chest. In spite of the fact that the outward enactment in this kriya is of the hands, it inside actuates the lungs, muscles of the chest, and the respiratory framework. For asthamatics, accordingly, it gives a remedial just as a fortifying impact to their bronchioles and lungs. For general specialists, Tara asana has a few advantages. It upgrades the estimation of the chest. Those whose chests are not appropriately evolved can discover this asana increasingly useful by making the chest proportionate. It develops the chest muscles in an inside and out manner and has a therapeudic impact for any confusion of this zone. To add a couple of creeps to their stature may likewise think that its fulfilling. Individuals experiencing torment in their shoulder joints can address their scatters through Tara asana. (Sinha 76, 79) YOGA MUDRA (Yoga Symbol): The ideal method of rehearsing the Yoga Mudra is to be in the Lotus Pose first. In any case, it is difficult for everybody to sit in the Lotus Pose. Subsequently, the individuals who can't do it ought to sit on the floor with collapsed legs. Bring two hands behind the back. Snatch the wrist of one hand with the other hand. Make a clench hand with the hand which is being held. At this stage, keep the hands free and let them lay on the back. Fix the spine. Glance in front while keeping the neck and head erect. This is the situation of preparation. SIMHA ASANA (Lion Pose) Put a cover or a towel on the floor. Twist the two legs at the knees and sit on the bend of soles and toes, keeping the heels separated and turned upwards under the hips. Since it may be hard for certain people to make this bend with the toes, soles, and heels, they are encouraged to sit on their twisted legs in any position they can figure out how to make. In the wake of being situated either on the bend of the heels or in any position, do the accompanying: fix the body. Keep the head, neck, and spine in one line. Glance in front. Put the palms of the hands on their particular knees. Inhale regularly. Advantages: Simha asan is renowned for its different momentous advantages. It has restorative incentive for relieving throat inconvenience, voice insufficiency, and tonsillitis. It likewise goodly affects the respiratory framework. It initiates the larynx, trachea, and all the bronchioles. It strengthens the thyroid ligaments. In light of this inside initiation and empowerment, wellbeing is reestablished to the entire respiratory framework and its issue are evacuated. This is a simple asana which should be possible by anybody. (Sinha 83, 84) SARVANGA ASANA (Whole Body Pose) Lie down on your back on the floor. Spot the palms down close to the body. Bring the heels and toes together and keep them free. Fix the entire body and look towards the roof. Inhale typically. Advantages: Sarvanga asana is one of the most esteemed asanas of the Hatha Yoga framework. As its name shows, it is

Battle of Moscow - World War II - Operation Barbarossa

Clash of Moscow - World War II - Operation Barbarossa The Battle of Moscow was battled Oct. 2, 1941, to Jan. 7, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945). Following quite a while of assaults and counterattacks as German powers endeavored to invade Moscow, Soviet fortifications and an extreme Russian winter negatively affected German powers, assisting with ruining Germanys plans and leaving its powers depleted and debilitated. Quick Facts: Battle of Moscow Dates: Oct. 2, 1941, to Jan. 7, 1942, during World War II (1939-1945)ï » ¿Soviet Union Armies and Commanders:Marshal Georgy ZhukovMarshal Aleksandr Vasilevsky1.25 million menGerman Armies and Commanders:Field Marshal Fedor von BockCol Gen. Heinz GuderianField Marshal Albert Kesselring1 million men Foundation On June 22, 1941, German powers propelled Operation Barbarossa and attacked the Soviet Union. The Germans had planned to initiate the activity in May yet were deferred by the crusade in the Balkans and Greece. Opening the Eastern Front, they immediately overpowered Soviet powers and made enormous increases. Driving east, Field Marshal Fedor von Bocks Army Group Center won the Battle of Biaå‚ystok-Minsk in June, breaking the Soviet Western Front and executing or catching more than 340,000 Soviet soldiers. Intersection the Dnieper River, the Germans started an extended fight for Smolensk. In spite of encompassing the protectors and pulverizing three Soviet armed forces, Bock was postponed into September before he could continue his development. Despite the fact that the way to Moscow was to a great extent open, Bock had to arrange powers south to help in the catch of Kiev. This was expected to Adolf Hitlers reluctance to keep facing huge conflicts of encompassing which, however fruitful, had neglected to break the Soviet opposition. Rather, he looked to decimate the Soviet Unions monetary base by catching Leningrad and the Caucasus oil fields. Among those coordinated against Kiev was Col. Gen. Heinz Guderians Panzergruppe 2. Accepting that Moscow was progressively significant, Guderian fought the choice yet was overruled. By supporting Army Group Souths Kiev tasks, Bocks timetable was additionally deferred. It wasnt until Oct. 2, with the fall downpours setting in, that Army Group Center had the option to dispatch Operation Typhoon, the code name for Bocks Moscow hostile. The objective was to catch the Soviet capital before the unforgiving Russian winter started. Bocks Plan To achieve this objective, Bock proposed to utilize the second, fourth, and ninth armed forces, upheld by Panzer Groups 2, 3, and 4. Air spread would be given by the Luftwaffes Luftflotte 2. The consolidated power numbered barely shy of 2 million men, 1,700 tanks, and 14,000 big guns pieces. Plans for Operation Typhoon required a twofold pincer development against the Soviet Western and Reserve fronts close Vyazma while a subsequent power moved to catch Bryansk toward the south. On the off chance that these moves were fruitful, German powers would surround Moscow and urge Soviet pioneer Joseph Stalin to make harmony. Despite the fact that sensibly solid on paper, plans for Operation Typhoon neglected to represent the way that German powers were battered following a while of crusading and their flexibly lines were experiencing issues getting products to the front. Guderian later noticed that his powers were lacking in fuel from the start of the battle. Soviet Preparations Mindful of the danger to Moscow, the Soviets started building a progression of cautious lines before the city. The first of these extended between Rzhev, Vyazma, and Bryansk, while a second, twofold line was worked among Kalinin and Kaluga named the Mozhaisk safeguard line. To secure Moscow appropriate, the capitals residents were drafted to build three lines of strongholds around the city. While Soviet labor was at first extended slim, fortifications were being brought west from the Far East as knowledge recommended that Japan didnt represent a quick danger. The two countries had marked a lack of bias back in April 1941. Early German Successes Raging forward, two German panzer gatherings (third and fourth) immediately made increases close Vyazma and enclosed the nineteenth, twentieth, 24th, and 32nd Soviet armed forces on Oct. 10. Instead of give up, the four Soviet armed forces industriously proceeded with the battle, easing back the German development and constraining Bock to occupy troops to help in lessening the pocket. At last the German authority needed to submit 28 divisions to this battle, permitting the remainders of the Soviet Western and Reserve fronts to fall back to the Mozhaisk protection line and fortifications to surge forward, to a great extent to help the Soviet fifth, sixteenth, 43rd, and 49th militaries. Toward the south, Guderians panzers (tanks) quickly encompassed the whole Bryansk Front. Connecting with the German second Army, they caught Orel and Bryansk by Oct. 6. The enclosed Soviet powers, third and thirteenth militaries, proceeded with the battle, in the long run getting away from east. The underlying German activities, in any case, caught more than 500,000 Soviet fighters. On Oct. 7, the primary snow of the period fell and before long softened, turning the streets to mud and seriously hampering German activities. Granulating forward, Bocks troops turned around various Soviet counterattacks and arrived at the Mozhaisk guards on Oct. 10. That equivalent day, Stalin reviewed Marshal Georgy Zhukov from the Siege of Leningrad and guided him to direct the resistance of Moscow. Accepting order, he centered Soviet labor in the Mozhaisk line. Wearing Out the Germans Dwarfed, Zhukov sent his men at key focuses in the line at Volokolamsk, Mozhaisk, Maloyaroslavets, and Kaluga. Continuing his development on Oct. 13, Bock looked to maintain a strategic distance from the heft of the Soviet safeguards by moving against Kalinin in the north and Kaluga and Tula in the south. While the initial two fell rapidly, the Soviets prevailing with regards to holding Tula. After frontal assaults caught Mozhaisk and Maloyaroslavets on Oct. 18 and resulting German advances, Zhukov had to fall back behind the Nara River. In spite of the fact that the Germans made increases, their powers were gravely worn out and tormented by strategic issues. While German soldiers needed suitable winter attire, they additionally took misfortunes to the new T-34 tank, which was better than their Panzer IVs. By Nov. 15, the ground had solidified and mud stopped to be an issue. Looking to end the battle, Bock coordinated the third and fourth panzer armed forces to surround Moscow from the north, while Guderian moved around the city from the south. The two powers were to interface up at Noginsk, 20 miles east of Moscow. German powers were eased back by Soviet resistances however prevailing with regards to taking Klin on Nov. 24 and after four days crossed the Moscow-Volga Canal before being pushed back. In the south, Guderian avoided Tula and took Stalinogorsk on Nov. 22. His hostile was checked by the Soviets close Kashira a couple of days after the fact. With the two prongs of his pincer development impeded, Bock propelled a frontal ambush at Naro-Fominsk on Dec. 1. Following four days of overwhelming battling, it was vanquished. On Dec. 2, a German surveillance unit came to Khimki, just five miles from Moscow. This denoted the farthest German development. With temperatures coming to - 50 F and as yet inadequate with regards to winter gear, the Germans needed to end their offensives. Soviets Strike Back By Dec. 5, Zhukov had been intensely strengthened by divisions from Siberia and the Far East. Having a save of 58 divisions, he released a counteroffensive to push the Germans once more from Moscow. The start of the assault concurred with Hitler requesting German powers to accept a guarded position. Unfit to sort out a strong guard in their development positions, the Germans were constrained from Kalinin on Dec. 7, and the Soviets moved to encompass the third Panzer Army at Klin. This fizzled and the Soviets progressed on Rzhev. In the south, Soviet powers soothed pressure on Tula on Dec. 16. After two days, Bock was sacked for Field Marshal Gã ¼nther von Kluge, due generally to Hitlers displeasure regarding German soldiers leading a vital retreat against his desires. The Russians were supported by extraordinary cold and poor climate that limited the Luftwaffes activities. As the climate improved in late December and early January, the Luftwaffe started concentrated shelling on the side of German ground powers This eased back the foe propels and by Jan. 7, the Soviet counteroffensive reached a conclusion. Zhukov had pushed the Germans 60 to 160 miles from Moscow. Repercussions The disappointment of German powers at Moscow bound Germany to battling a delayed battle on the Eastern Front. This piece of the war would expend by far most of Germanys labor and assets for the rest of the contention. Setbacks for the Battle of Moscow are discussed, however evaluates propose German misfortunes of 248,000 to 400,000 and Soviet misfortunes of 650,000 to 1,280,000. Gradually constructing quality, the Soviets would switch things around of the war at the Battle of Stalingrad in late 1942 and mid 1943.

IT Career Comparison Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT Career Comparison - Research Paper Example Having considered the models to assess the sources, we will apply this in assessing the various wellsprings of data accessible on sites which publicize for employments and look at three changed professions. As far as compensation, the scope of pay rates for visual planners changes from $32000 to $55000 per annum. Then again, pay rates for PC bolster pros go from $40000 to $48000. The post of Information Security Engineer is expressed to draw the most extreme compensation out of the three which ranges from $80000 to $140000. As far as instruction, Information Security Engineers need to have a single guys degree (ideally in software engineering) with different confirmations identified with PC systems administration and data security. For visual architects, now and again, a bachelor’s qualification in Fine Arts is required with studies realistic planning. Be that as it may, for certain posts, a bachelor’s certificate in some other field may likewise be satisfactory with realistic structuring capabilities. Because of contrasts in the idea of occupations for Computer Support Specialists, there are likewise contrasts in the instructive prerequisites. A few businesses incline toward the contender to have a bachelor’s certificate in software engineering or PC building, while, some others may just require an associate’s degree with capability identified with PC support. Sometimes, the businesses likewise require specific courses past the bachelor’s qualification. As far as movement, all the recorded occupations for three fields don't offer any arrangements for movement. This shows the activity is essentially in-house and doesn't require the individual to invest a lot of energy out of office. With regards to work hours, visual fashioners follow a genuinely standard work routine with ordinary office timings. Notwithstanding, sporadically, they might be required to work extended periods of time to comply with a time constraint. For PC masters, the hours rely entirely upon the idea of work. Sometimes, the experts might be required to work in

Causes of the US financial crisis and solutions - 1925 Words

Causes of the US financial crisis and solutions (Coursework Sample) Content: Causes of the USfinancialcrisis and solutionsNamePaper nameProfessors NameDateIntroduction The economic crisis of 2008-2009 not only affected the United States but the whole world. It was the most difficult time in the history of economics. The crisis led to widespread hunger across the world since people could not have enough resources to purchase food. The prices ofcommoncommodities rose up (Brown, 2009).Literature Review There are many reasons given to what caused thecrisis, some true and othersuntrue. Many people attribute thebeginningof the financial crisis to the breakdown of the housing market. Even,though,the housing bust plays a vital role in the health and banking sector, the problem was deeper. There was a lot of macroeconomic imbalances before whichwere reflectedby fluctuations in the real estate. To know the truth behind the crisis and the way forward, these scenarios should be lookeddeeply. The general agreement was that the losses in the h ousing market started the USfinancialcrisis since the great Depression. The United States economy plays a significant part in the worlds economy. Thecrisisthenspreadto all parts of the world due toimpactthe US economy has worldwide (Mosley, 2009).Methodology There aremanymethods employed to collect data, and in the case of the topic on USfinancialcrisis, two methodswere employed. The first one is togetinformational from written materials like journals and books. Journals and books contain a lot of information on the US economic crisis and the measures taken tostopthemenacefrom getting worse. Information about the crisis is also available in the media.DiscussionThe root causes of the financial crisis. Below are some of the causes of the financial crisis of the US economy: Excessive Land Use Regulation The demand for housingwas increasedbyprofligatelending. However, thisdemandproduced remarkably different results in different metropolitan areas, depending on the micro-economicfa ctorof land use regulation. Land use restriction in some metropolitan markets propelled the prices which led to higher mortgage exposures. On the other hand, the traditionally regulated markets where landregulationwas notsevere, there was arelativeincrease of the housing prices. Theseposetwo different worlds experiencing different periods (Mosley, 2009).Thefinanciallosses would have beenextremelylittleif the increment of the mortgage exposures around the US had been on the order of the traditionally regulated markets. Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman had noted the two natures of the Americans 3 years before the crisis occurred. He realized that the housing bubble was moreconcentratedin regions withformidableandstronglandregulation. The largest housing prices increment occurred in areas which had strong restrictions on the use of land. These areas where referred to as smart growth, urban consolidation orcompactcity. On the other hand, metropolitan markets that had the traditional land us e and were moreliberalexperienced thelittleincrease in the prices of housing. The traditionally regulated markets, unlike thestrongregulated markets, allowed anormalsupply response to thehighmarket demand created by the profligate lending (Brown, 2009). The basic principle of economics inoperationstates that shortages and rationingleadtoincreasein prices. There were no enough goods and services available in themarketfor customers to buy. Some businessmen with the little commodities withheld them. The repercussions of these deeds were thesharpincrease in the prices of commodities and the US citizens had to dig deep in their pockets togettheirusualservices and food. This resulted to changes in thelifestyleof many citizens those who could not afford thecommongoodsand servicesdueto lack of money (Brown, 2009). Among the fifty metropolitan areas with more than one millionpopulation, twenty five had significant land use restrictions therestwere liberally regulated.Theliberalland use res trictions markets were capable of absorbing from theexcessiveprofligate lending atpricenorms, that is,mediummultiple divided by median household income of3 or less, while this was impossible with the restrictive land use regulation.In addition, the demand washighinliberalmarkets than the restrictive markets. Since 2000, there is a high growth of population in thetraditionalmetropolitan markets, about four times thegrowthinthe more regulatedmarkets. There has also been anoutflowof residents from the restrictive land markets to the markets with traditional land use regulation, where the house prices have remained within historic norms (Brown, 2009).Profligate lending Profligate lending led to loses. All the markets of the United States of America experienced profligate lending. Profligate lending is wastefulness orrecklesslending. There was greater availability of mortgage funding, which in turn led toexceptionaldemand for housing.The excessive consumption was due to loosening of le nding standards prompted by the US government to increase homeownership rates.These resulted alsodueto record low saving rates. People, who could nothavequalified before for credit received loans (subprime borrowers) could easily do, while others secured loans much higher than they could do before (prime borrowers). The subprime andprimeborrowers when overstretched, they were unable to pay their mortgage loans in time. The lenders could not absorb the foreclosure and delinquency rates. The US economy, financed by the excess credit, spent more than it earned. Thislendto undermining the mortgage market, resulting to failures ofprominentand well known firms like the Lehman Brothers and Bear Stearns.Since we are in theeraof interconnected or intertwined markets, these unprecedented effects in US economy reverberated across the world (Mosley, 2009).Solutions to the Financial CrisisThe US stakeholders together with the government took several measures to avert the crisis from becoming w orse.Below are some of the measures applied tosolvethe crisisFinancial investment For a sustainable, long term growth, the US Economy desperately needed high levels offinancialandrealinvestmenttorebuildthe economic foundation. Thesavingratewas increasedsignificantly in order to start generating household wealth, which is su...

My Father Is A Public Safety Officer - 997 Words

My Father: my father cares for his family and worked in the city hall as a public safety officer. He has a personality that never panics in times of hard time. My relationship with him is unique that he will tell me a bed time story. Also, whenever, I come from school he will check my school work and correct me where necessary. I am similar to my father in terms of smiling and quietness. Ways am different is being taller and lighter in skin. My Mother: my mother is responsible for cooking and feeding every member of the family. He maintains peace among my siblings. My mother’s personality is the type that does not procrastinate whenever there is a problem. She will tackle the problem with everything within her reach to make sure it is under control. My relationship with my mother made me a mom’s little girl. I am similar to her in terms of light skin, facially, and height. Way am different from her is being an outgoing, while my mother is not an outgoing person. In fact, my parents are awesomely caring and loving parents. They make decisions that are best for the family. As a husband, he loves my mother and cherishes her. As a father, he keeps the family happy and together. He assumes his responsibilities by providing material and financial needs of the family. As a partner, they both work to a common goal and execute decisions that keep the family in harmony. As a mother, she nurtures the children to the right directions, cooks for the family and motivates everyone toShow MoreRelatedEmotional Survival For Law Enforcement935 Words   |  4 Pagesbasis? This book Emotional Survival for Law Enforcement written by Kevin M. Gilmartin, Ph.D. gives us an outline on the difficulty and stress that law enforcement officer and their families face on daily basis. Dr. Gilmartin discusses the stages of hypervigilance. And the long-term effects of hypervigilance and the toll it takes on the officer and his or her family. Author Dr. Kevin M. 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The Significance of Stereotypes Illustrated in Hintons...

Stereotype, someone who is regarded as embodying or conforming to a set image or type. This is the main component of the S.E. Hinton novel The Outsiders. The stereotypes in the novel are the Socs and the Greasers. The Socs are the rich kids who don’t have to work for anything, while the Greasers are the poorer kids who have very little. They both live in the city of Tulsa, one group on the Northside and one on the Southside. Outside of these boundaries no-one knows of them but the hatred for each other still plays on their minds. In our community stereotypes play a part in life, but in The Outsiders it is the core theme of the story combining with teenage struggles. In The Outsiders the main character Ponyboy Curtis conforms to the image†¦show more content†¦It is good to see that Ponyboy can look past people’s differences and begin to like the Socs for who they are. In the city of Tulsa there is a gang war between the Greasers and Socs. When the boys left the city they found that no one knew about Greasers and Socs, so they wouldn’t get jumped or discriminated against by the cops or other gangs. Time away from Tulsa helps the main character Ponyboy, a Greaser, reflect and see there is not much difference between the Socs and the Greasers, just how others see them. Socs like Cherry and Randy help Ponyboy along the way to see through the stereotype after the death of a friend. When the church fire occurs in Windrixville and the boys are hurt, in the ambulance Jerry says he has never heard of Greasers. The stereotype of the city is undeniable with most people on the Southside Socs and the Greasers on the Northside. But outside of the city no one knows about the stereotypes, therefore, do they exist? Greasers are the main stereotype in the book but also there is a small part played by the Socs. Although the book is about the life and times of a Greaser there is also a ‘Socs Story’ in there, as throughout the book you learn more and more about the Socs and how they live. But this all changes. When Bob dies Cherry and Randy, the main Socs characters, begin to see that there is no difference between Socs and Greasers. Randy, when he talks to Ponyboy in private doesn’t call

Tata Motors Unveils New Zest Sedan for Target - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theTata Motors Unveils New Zest Sedan for Target Market. Answer: Introduction The report will discuss in detail about the revamp strategy of Tata Motors in India with the help of a case study. Here it is important to understand that India in current time demographically and economically is positioned well for development since it is effectively serving local demand as well as rise in the options of export alternatives (Luthra et al., 2011). There is a forecasted rise in the working class population in India and it is also likely to assist as well as change the flourishing market for number of vehicles in private space. There is no doubt rise in the overall prosperity with simpler access to money and rise in affordability is also expected to see high volume of four wheelers in addition to two wheelers and it will also remain the main alternative for many purchasers supported by rise is in standard of living in rural areas as well as youth market including more and more women. Target Market Alternatives for Zest Sedan along with Best Alternative Following are the type of segmentation in Indian automobile industry for a vehicle like Zest Sedan to sustain: - Geographic: this kind of segmentation is considered one of the crucial grounds of segmentation in the present automobile sector specifically in large countries like India. The reason is that the situation here is different in different regions. In order to take segmentation in the country, the manufacturer of tractor usually aim on different areas where agriculture of main significance and will target on those farmer who have large amount of land based on holding and have the right kind of resources to buy the tractor (Govindan et al., 2010). On the contrary, there are number of commercial automobile companies as well that would actually segment the whole market on the basis of focus of sectors in different region. In addition to it, there are luxury car manufacturers as well that will actually target the region of metropolitan cities for the purpose or motive of sales of their product where the small care manufacturers will also take into consideration the development of cities and many townships by taking into account at the time of process based segmentation of the products (Ray and Ray, 2011). Demographic: another significant basis for the same in the automobile sector is demographic segmentation. This kind of segmentation work as a base of marketing of products as per the income, age and status. Carmakers of small cars like Nano and many similar cars in this segment will mainly aim on the segment of people attached to the middleclass and it comes under demographic kind of segmentation (Jahanshani et al., 2014). Psychological: this type of segmentation comes up with diverse kinds of models of the products. This has been because of the case based on cars and where companies normally come up with two or sometime three kind of similar model and it has been also noticed by the analyst of industry that these variants of the medium of the model can sell the most of the products (Sturgeon and Van Biesebroeck, 2010). Behavioral: this type of segmentation is done on the basis of advantages that are sought through different status like loyalty and many more. This is an significant kind of segmentation in the automobile sector and it is important for many luxury car manufacturers (Ray and Ray, 2011). The best kind of target market or the basis of segmentation for Zest sedan which Tata Motors must take is Demographic segmentation and divide the market as per the income level and affordability of the people since the car is made for middle income group. Different ways for the research study on Zest Sedan along with option It is important to understand here that when there is an attempt to study a population, it is important to collect information from every part and every person in that group. This further makes it very challenging to study the concept of population. For instance, in case of the study based on population suffering from Schizophrenia in country like India can be huge or opinion of the people or total population liking raisins can also be different and huge (Ill, 2014). So now one can understand the challenges while understanding and studying populations. There are smaller populations like college that are easier for collecting data for population. But the main challenge here is that if one person also fails to be a part of population, this can mean that there is no population at all. There are two kind of population or it is divided into two groups: - Target population which means that there is whole group of people to which the author or the person who is researching can base to generalize the finding of complete study. Accessible population: this kind of population means that the researcher actually has a reasonable or proper access and can be treated as a subset of the whole target population. It is usually limited to region, city, country, regions or some time an organization or an institution (Ill, 2014). In this case Zest Sedan from Tata Motors will have to take accessible population because it is important to accessible population here since the product launch will target a specific region and a specific class of people for which is car is made and it is actually suitable for them (Ill, 2014). Types of defining Sampling Frame for the research study on Zest Sedan along with option At the time of working the research study, it is important that people clarify all types of units that are actually interested in studying the samples. There are units that can be associated with people, companies or the present documents. The research will also cover these units with varied population of interest. At the time of discussing the population, it is also significant to be as specific as possible. The issue here is that it is cannot be always about the feasibility of the studying the each unit in the population. It is obvious that the process consumes a lot of time and it is not very inexpensive by nature and can cost a fortune to some in order to collect data from every person in the population (Smolensky and Fitzgerald, 2010). In such cases, it is also important to study a part or subset of the population in the form of sample which will make the process much convenient and simple. The overall process at the time of selecting the sample requires being quite deliberate b y nature and there are different kinds of sampling methods that can be used based on the motive of research. Before the selection of a sample one requires discussing the sampling frame and is actually a list of all kinds of population based on interest. The research can be conducted with research finding to the population discussed and defined with the help of sampling frame only. Types of Defining Sampling Approach for the Research Study on Zest Sedan along with Option There are number of social researchers who base their observation on the fact that getting information from people in the population is very difficult and some time not very possible. So in the place of an attempt to collect all kind of information, the trick here is to collect a small sample of population (Smolensky and Fitzgerald, 2010). However, population like anything else has different kinds to collect a sample for population. There are different manners of taking a samples and following are different kind of sampling techniques: Random sample: every person in the population must get the equal opportunity of getting selected. Stratified sample: An author can easily divide the population into varied group based on features, and sometimes researchers can randomly select from every group which is based on the overall size (Marucco et al., 2011). Quota based sample: the authors can intentionally set the needs to make sure a specific group that can be presented. Purposive: an author sometimes with motive aims on specific subset in the population. Convenience: the overall selection in this kind of sample is usually based on the overall need of the gaining the access. Probability and non-probability techniques: the basic different or distinction between probability and non-probability methods of sampling that these kind of sampling does not based on any random selection however, probability sampling does depend on the random samples. This means that non-probability samples never relies on the overall rationale of the present probability principle. Sometime, a probabilistic based sample is based on some odds or possibility that people have in representing the population in right manner (Thompson, 2013). Here estimation is easy with confidence based intervals for the statistics. Various non-probability samples may also show the population in right manner and it usually will be very hard for people to understand the concept. Generally, the authors or researchers asks especially for probabilistic or random sampling approach over non-probability one and further consider them to more right as well as rigorous by nature. At the same time, there are vario us applied science based there can be situation where it may not be very feasible or right or sometimes very practical to perform such random based sampling. The case study of Zest Sedan launch by Tata motors can use the stratified sampling approach. This approach helps in dividing the population into distinct groups and they are termed as strata. Probability samples or simple random sample is also drawn here from every group (Thompson, 2013). This kind of sampling will help Tata Motors to decrease the overall size of sample needed to accomplish a given amount of precision. It is also possible to raise the level of precession with same type of sample size. Effectiveness of Stratified Approach One of the biggest benefits of using stratified approach in this case here is that it helps in decreasing the biasness in selection. It is also important to understand here that the process of stratifying the complete population before the actual application of random sample technique assist in making sure that a sample can rightly show the population being a part of terms of the criteria being used for the sake of stratification (Thompson, 2013). The process will be effective also because it can be used in appropriate manner since it make sure that every group or subgroup within the existence of population is able to reach a right of representation within the present sample. Conclusion On local level, there are some kind of consolidation or in other word alliances that are expected as well as driven with the need to access for the better based of technology with right manufacturing abilities, services and finally an effective distribution channels. The component sector is also in a very strong space to take full advantage of cost effectiveness along with profitability and global recognition with many engineering abilities (Thompson, 2013). The advantages of the present collaboration is becoming more clear along with super specialist that can further emerge as the automobile that can be treated as a whole system with every specialist aiming on a kind of sub-system as well. Reference Govindan, K., Kannan, D. and Noorul Haq, A., 2010. Analyzing supplier development criteria for an automobile industry.Industrial Management Data Systems,110(1), pp.43-62. Ill, P.A.R.T., 2014. SAMPLING CONCEPTS Population.Nursing Research-E-Book: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-Based Practice, p.231. Jahanshani, A.A., Hajizadeh, G.M.A., Mirdhamadi, S.A., Nawaser, K. and Khaksar, S.M.S., 2014. Study the effects of customer service and product quality on customer satisfaction and loyalty. Luthra, S., Kumar, V., Kumar, S. and Haleem, A., 2011. Barriers to implement green supply chain management in automobile industry using interpretive structural modeling technique: An Indian perspective.Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management,4(2), pp.231-257. Marucco, F., Boitani, L., Pletscher, D.H. and Schwartz, M.K., 2011. Bridging the gaps between non-invasive genetic sampling and population parameter estimation.European Journal of Wildlife Research,57(1), pp.1-13. Ray, S. and Ray, P.K., 2011. Product innovation for the people's car in an emerging economy.Technovation,31(5), pp.216-227. Smolensky, N.L. and Fitzgerald, L.A., 2010. Distance sampling underestimates population densities of dune-dwelling lizards.Journal of Herpetology,44(3), pp.372-381. Sturgeon, T. and Van Biesebroeck, J., 2010. Effects of the crisis on the automotive industry in developing countries: a global value chain perspective. Thompson, W. ed., 2013.Sampling rare or elusive species: concepts, designs, and techniques for estimating population parameters. Island Press.

The Seven Rules of Using MLA Format

The Seven Rules of Using MLA Format Most professors ask their students to write papers using MLA format. This simple format, taught in a variety of high school settings, is classic – and easy to remember. We’ve compiled the seven basic rules of MLA formatting. If you can stick to these rules, you’ll never be marked down for formatting mistakes. Include a separate citation page at the back of the essay. We just talked about your citation page, at great length, but we’re going to reference it one more time. If you don’t include a bibliography (or a citation page), you’ll lose more than a few points. In fact, your professor might refuse to grade your paper altogether. After all, the omission of sources is plagiarism. You could get into serious trouble for that. In other words, don’t forget your citation page. Please. Reference citations with a page number and the author’s last name. We’ll give you a quick example (Bondie 11). Did you notice how simplistic that was? In comparison to other styles, MLA is a walk in the park. Your in-text citation should include two parenthesis surrounding the last name of the author, followed by the page number (or paragraph number) in which the reference was found. In-text citations should always come at the end of a sentence, but before a period. This is extremely important. The citation is a portion of the sentence. It’s adding information. Make sure that information is included in the sentence itself, before the period that ends it. Make sure the paper itself is double-spaced. A single-spaced paper doesn’t fit the MLA profile. The intention is to make the paper easier for the professor to read – it also makes it easier for them to leave notes, as we’ve all learned. Don’t forget this rule. As a side note, you may want to try writing your paper in single-spaced form – then turn it into a double-spaced paper. You’ll turn a two page, tentative rant into a four page research paper in seconds. It works like magic. Use Times New Roman, twelve point font. Again, this is a basic rule for MLA format – probably the most basic, actually. If you mess up this part, your professor might not bother reading the rest of your paper. And if you dare to use Comic Sans, you’ll be sorry. Also, note that you need to make sure that your entire paper uses Times New Roman. That includes headers, footers, citations, and page numbers. Insert a page number and your last name in the upper right-hand corner of each page. There shouldn’t be a comma between them. Again, make sure these are both written in Times New Romance, twelve point font. Add necessary information for identification on the top left portion of the page. This should include your first and last name, the name of your class, the name of your professor, and the date – all on different lines, respectively. These four lines should be single-spaced, rather than double-spaced like the rest of the paper. Below this information, in the center of the page, you should include a title. Properly format your â€Å"Works Cited† page. You should use a hanging indent (create this effect by visiting your â€Å"Paragraph† settings). Your title should be centered. Your citation page should match the rest of your paper in terms of point size and font type. All of your citations should be alphabetized by last name (or subject). Also, in terms of most research papers, you should include at least three different sources. Your professor should specify per project, but you’ll benefit from maintaining a general rule-of-thumb number.

Writing Dialogue In Accents and Dialect

Writing Dialogue In Accents and Dialect Writing Dialogue In Accents and Dialect Writing Dialogue In Accents and Dialect By Kate Evans Wen old man Rabbit say scoot, dey scooted, en wen ole Miss Rabbit say scat, dey scatted. Dey did dat. En dey kep der cloze clean, and day aint had no smut on der nose nudder. Uncle Remus A  Story About Little Rabbits, Joel Chandler Harris. We have a long literary tradition of writing dialogue in accents and dialect. Mark Twain comes to mind, as a master of the written idiom. Dialect instantly gives characters authenticity and offers insight into their attitudes, background, and education. An accent allows the reader to use their sense of hearing and gives text depth and flavor. On the other hand, using dialects and accents is often a distraction. When accented words are spelled phonetically, they can frustrate and slow the reader down. If accents are inaccurate or inauthentic, they can stereotype or even insult. With all of these risks, writing dialects has largely gone out of fashion. So what is a writer to do instead? The first step would be to describe patterns of speech in prose. For example, her honeyed accent melted off of her tongue, slowly, sweetly, and with the same elongated syllables that her mama used. Already, the character has an established geographical place and a hint of her history. From then on, the reader can hear and even visualize the honeyed accent. Another tactic is to reflect dialect with commonly spoken words in commonly spelled ways. A writer could insert gonna for going to. The reader registers these words easily but the speech pattern can also convey information about the characters. Finally, a writer can pay close attention to phrases and idioms that pertain to a characters geographic location or time in history. Phrases, such as shes dumber than a bucket of hair, bless her heart, places someone in the American South. The craic is mighty, puts someone in modern day Ireland. When carefully researched and used advantageously, simple colloquial phrases can carry as much weight as paragraphs of complicated written dialect. While we dont want to lose the art of conveying speech patterns through the written word, in todays world, there are more subtle ways to illustrate character traits. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food†Homogeneous vs. HeterogeneousDouble Possessive

Role of propaganda on DMZ Graphics Novels Research Paper

Role of propaganda on DMZ Graphics Novels - Research Paper Example However, DMZ is not about Iraq or Afghanistan, but the Manhattan Island (New York City) which is the continental United States while New Jersey and Inland is the Free States of America and the two sides are regarded as the frontlines of American second civil war. In reality, the novel is a comic since Matty Roth does not encounter any guerilla forces or any helicopter attacks. Matty accompanies a veteran journalist to the warfront in order to cover news of the war and soon their helicopter is shot down. Matty is the only survivor and starts writing news, but his reporting is not objective. Matty is not a qualified journalist and is not capable of reporting stories without bias and remaining objective since he advances partisan interests of the Continental American forces and portrays Iraq as evil. The reporting is not accurate, fair and credible since Matty does not provide the details of the sources of his news information and the other perspectives of the war according to the enemy (Kamalipour 20). The reporting is not governed by public interest or truthfulness since the entire information is inaccurate and not about the war in Iraq, but New York City (NYC) which is viewed as the battlefield of America’s second civil war. Matty is one of the best characters and is reporting is full of biasness and propaganda since Matty he does not personally witness any rooftops with phrases like ‘HELP’ or building towers engulfed in fire and smoke (Wood 19). Matty is not impartial since his reporting depicts the Free States as evil and providers undue coverage on the snipers. Matty does not attribute the news stories to their sources, but just provides certain titles of military commanders and fails to conduct private inquiries in order to determine the authenticity of the news (Chomsky 152). Concisely, Matty exaggerates the real struggles of American population such as the economic conditions, the

Family In Later Life Research Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Family In Later Life Research Paper - Essay Example Widowhood in the later life leaves the surviving spouse to undergo a normal process from grief to acceptance; the challenges associated with widowhood are likely to open new opportunities for increasing and maintaining social relationships. Widows/Widowers and the Efforts of Overcoming Grief Widows are generally associated with â€Å"isolation, loss and vulnerability† (Walker, 1993, p. 34), especially the post feminism era. With the women almost completely dependent on men, widowhood seems to be the worst thing that can happen to a woman, especially in the presence of young children. However, the changing views of women’s roles in the contemporary society made widowhood less burdensome for the surviving spouse, but contemporary views do not spare widows in the process to acceptance. The first challenge for a widow is coping with grief, where older people are seen to cope better than their younger counterparts (Bryant, 2003). According to Balkwell (1981), there seems to have a reaction pattern following a spouse’s death where initially, surviving partners undergo â€Å"shock or bewilderment...and may refuse to believe that the spouse is dead† (p. 120). ... Bureau of Census (1993) indicated that 80% of women between the ages 65 and 75 are already widowed compared to 39% of widowers in the same age bracket (as cited in Bryant, 2003). The issue of sex or gender related to acceptance of death seems to receive contradictory comments from psychologist through the years. Kail and Cavanaugh (2008) stated that men generally have problems with social relationships after the death of the spouse. Moreover, they were seen to be â€Å"more vulnerable† than women because (1) they are the ones who would initiate dating, â€Å"which is awkward after being married;† (2) retirement and the loss of contact from workmates; (3) there are less widowers in whom they can relate to; and (4) they lack familiarity with the things women do such as house hold chores (Balkwell, 1989, p. 120). On the other hand, women are perceived to be more efficient in coping with widowhood, but it depends on the kind of coping mechanism she uses. Lopata (1973) label ed three types of widows: the modern woman, the lower class urbanite, and the social isolate (as cited in Chambers, 2005). Each of the three types possesses unique qualities in which Lopata (1973) based their names. The modern woman would have to be the most familiar, where the widow is generally passive but is â€Å"willing to re-engage.† Such characteristic is also evident for women who belong to the lower class urbanite only that they generally seek emotional counsel to family and friends, and not from outside peers such as at work. These qualities are the opposite to what â€Å"social isolates† have. As the term suggests, women belonging to this category do not engage with socialization and basically are withdrawn even to people whom they have closer connections (Chambers, 2005, pp. 27-28). In contrast

Essay Example for Free

Essay INTRODUCTION An organization is a social unit of people, systematically arranged or managed to meet the needs or to pursue collective goals on a continuous basis. A sound organization can contribute greatly to the continuity and success of the enterprise. All organizations have a management structure that determines the relationship between functions and positions. Without proper care of higher, middle and lower levels of administration, it would be practically impossible for any management to run the organization smoothly. The better the organization the fuller would be the achievement of the common objective. Hence the study of the organization is of great importance. It helps to understand the organization better and become familiar with its functions. MRF LIMITED, an enterprise that was established in1946, in South India grew quickly to become one of India’s biggest tyre manufacturing companies, renowned for product superiority and innovation. MRF continues to be the leading tyre-maker in India. MRF inaugurated its Kottayam unit in 1969 as the second plant of MRF with a small rubber mixer and seven employees. The plant is engineered in four fully merged with the environment. World class rubber mixing facility with SCADA based recipe management, fully automated carbon handling systems and modern dust collecting systems keep the environment tidy. Facilities with upgraded systems for Tube, Tyre and PCTR manufacturing, deliver world class products. MRF Kottayam is certified with ISO 9001/ TS 16949, ISO 14001/OHSAS 18001-2007 etc. TPM initiatives improved the plant performance in all areas. MRF Kottayam unit also registered small scale energy saving projects for carbon credits and its liaison works with UNFCCC being done by consultants M/s. Ernst and Young. Its turnover crossed the 6100 crore mark in 2008. MRF has the widest product range among the domestic tyre companies as it makes tyres for all class of vehicles from trucks to two wheelers and go-karts. MRF Kottayam unit has nearly 2000 direct work force. 1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The objectives of the study can be summarized as follows: To know the history and the growth of the company To understand the structure of the company To acquire knowledge about the functional as well as managerial aspects of the organization To learn about the manufacturing process of the products To analyze the financial performance of the company To learn the plans, policies and procedures of the organization To observe the work culture of the organization To acquire knowledge about the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the organization 1.2 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The organizational study was conducted in MRF Limited, Kottayam. The organizational structure and the management of various departments of MRF are taken for the purpose of the study. Sufficient attempt has been taken to cover almost all the facets of this organization and to understand the complex factors that are functioning within the organization 1.3 METHODOLOGY OF TRAINING Research is a systematic approach to a purposeful investigation. Methodology refers to the various methods used by the researcher right from the data collection and various techniques used for interpretation and inferences. Research methodology addresses the questions; what must be done, howl it must be done, what data must be collected, what data gathering methods must be employed, which sources of data must be selected and how the data must be analyzed and conclusion is reached. The total period allotted for the project work was one month. The study was undertaken by personally visiting the factory in Kottayam. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION a) PRIMARY DATA Primary data are those which are collected as first-hand information and thus they are original in character. These are collected from the direct sources like: Personal interview Observation method b) SECONDARY DATA Secondary data are those which have already been collected by some other agencies of the organization that has been processed. Some of them are: Previous records of the organization Magazines and Journals Websites 1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Even if there was sufficient support from the staff of the company; a tight work schedule prevented them from giving additional information. The organizational study has come across certain limitations such as: The method used mainly provide qualitative data but lack of precision Too much of interaction was not possible due to the fear of trade secrets being exposed Personal bias could be the one key factor which has affected in having personal interviews CHAPTER-2 INDUSTRIAL PROFILE CHAPTER 2 INDUSTRIAL PROFILE 2.1 INDUSTRY BACKGROUND The tyre industry has evolved from the basic cross ply to the more sophisticated radical tyres. Nylon cords that impart low weight and additional strength to the tyres have also replaced cotton ply. This industry is also driven by agricultural and infrastructural activity that takes place in the region, as those two have an impact on the transport sector. The advent of globalization and liberalization in India urged the companies both small scale and large scale, to build in capabilities, in order to compete effectively on a global platform. The tyre industry in India has been striving hard to establish itself in the global market in its infant stage. There were threats from the global players who enjoyed substantial economies of scale. As a result, the Indian tyre companies were in a constant pursuit of adhering global standards of quality and state of the art technology in production. The fortune of the industry depends on the agricultural and industrial performance of the economy, the transportation needs and production of the vehicles. Hence this is a sensitive industry which has to adapt itself to a high volatile environment. ORIGIN OF THE INDUSTRY The tyre industry began to develop in India in 1920’s. The growth of the tyre industry in India may be divided into three phases. In the first phase, multinational companies like FIRESTONE (1920), GOODYEAR(1922) and DUNLOP(1926) came to Indian tyre industry for selling their products. They were considered as the fore runners of commercialization of tyres in India. During the early twenties and the mid-thirties, these companies became very famous and got established themselves in the industry. In the second phase, these multinational companies started their production in India. They became the first generation tyres of the Indian tyre industry. DUNLOP and FIRESTONE had put up plans to manufacture tyres in Kolkata and Mumbai in 1936 and 1942 respectively. The third phase of the Indian tyre industry began when the companies in India started manufacturing tyres that came out to be known as the second generation tyres. MRF, PREMIER and COOT etc were  the important companies among them. They started manufacturing their products in sixties and later on the third generation of the tyre industry started by 1970. APPOLO and JK TYRES were the most important companies among them. The most leading tyre companies in India are: MRF JK TYRES CEAT GOODYEAR APPOLO MODI BIRLA BRIDGESTONE MICHELIN After the initialization process started in 1922, the Indian economy was stepping the ladder much higher. Earlier, automobiles were mainly used for necessity. But nowadays, the whole trend has been changed in the livelihood. Even the middle class people can’t think about their life without having vehicles. This could be one of the main reasons that the Indian tyre industry is growing up day by day, even when the world is facing the major crisis of global recession. To an extent, the Indian tyre industry has faced few problems, but it has not affected the whole trend much seriously as far as the tyre industry of India is concerned. 2.2 THE INDIAN TYRE INDUSTRY The foreign companies dominated the Indian tyre industry till the 1960’s.However in the later part of the 60’s and early 70’s, the Indian Industrial Entrepreneurs made a stylish entry into the market alongside foreign collaborations with the automobile sector foundation within the country. The tyre industry saw the entry of many players and with the winds of liberalization blowing amidst the hue and cry, swept the entire land in 1922 and brought about the ride of joint ventures within the industry. The industry worth Rs. 9000 crores was independent upon the agricultural and industrial performance of the economy, the transportation needs and the production of vehicles. The Indian tyre industry is one of the largest in the world with more than 100 million motor vehicles on the Indian roads.  The Indian tyre industry evolves itself around some salient features like: Adaptability Innovativeness Exports Technology progression Wide product range for diverse usage The Indian tyre market can be categorized into three. They are: Original Equipment market Replacement market Export market The Replacement market generates demand to a greater extend as business volume tends to be high (85%), while the Original Equipment market demand is just a linear function of automobile production whose growth is in turn determined by the overall economic situation and the government policy. Globally, the Original Equipment market segment constitutes only 30% of the tyre market and 105 contributions comes from the Replacement market. This normally has placed the retreads in a better position than the tyre industry as a major colossal threat. The Coimbatore based Elgityres and Tread Limited, the largest retread in India is giving the tyre barons sleepless nights. The tyres basically produced in India are: CROSSPLY RADIAL TYRE The CROSSPLY tyres have been used in India for several years. In this, the Polycords run across with each other or diagonally to the outer surface of the tyre. Rayon and Nylon cords are used as the reinforcing medium. These tyres can retread twice during their life time and hence is preferred by Indian transporters who normally overload their trucks. In India, 90-95 percentages of such tyres are sold. The Radial tyres have their cords running radially from bead at 90 degree angle to the rim or along the outer surface of the tyre. The reinforcing mediums used in these tyres are Polyester, Nylon, Fiber Glass and Steel. Thus guaranteeing a longer life time and provide lower fuel consumption, with better control over the vehicle and road holding. The unhealthy condition of the Indian roads has resulted in Radial tyres accounting only five percentage of tyre industry as against a global trend of 60 percentages. The tyre industry is a major consumer of the domestic rubber production. The degree of contribution towards the material content in the Indian tyre industry by the Natural Rubber constitutes about 80% and the remaining 20% contribution is made by the Synthetic Rubber( worldwide, the ratio of Natural Rubber to Synthetic Rubber is 30:70) tyres which are subject to the use of different chemicals. The available local Natural Rubber is an added advantage for the industry, since it amounts to around 255 of the total raw material cost of tyres. On the contrary, Synthetic Rubber accounts to just 40% of the total raw material cost (India imports 60% of its Synthetic Rubber requirements). Apart from rubber, the major raw materials are Nylon Tyre, Code and Carbon Black. These raw materials are used to make the tyre strong and impart tenacity to it, while the latter holds respon sibility for the color of the tyre and also enhance the life span of the tyre. Nylon codes comprise 345 of the total raw material cost, while Carbon Black accounts about 13 percentages. To be concise, the tyre industry in India is highly raw material intensive and its cost directly affects the profitability of tyres. Therefore about 60-70% of the cost of production is from the cost of raw materials itself. Most of the raw materials are petroleum based. So the price of the international crude oil affects the tyre industry at large. Fortunately for the tyre industry, the rubber and carbon black prices have declined considerably. 2.3 PRODUCT PROFILE The company puts out the following offerings which are the major sellers in their segment: 1. MRF NYLON GRIP ZAPPER FS- MOTOR CYCLE TYRE 2. MRF NYLON GRIP ZAPPER FM- MOTOR CYCLE TYRE 3. MRF NYLON GRIP ZAPPER FV-MOTOR CYCLE TYRE 4. MRF MUSCLE ROK – EARTH MOVERS- OTR TYRE 5. MRF MUSCLE ROK- LOADERS- OTR TYRE 6. MRF MUSCLE ROK- X- OTR TYRES 7. MRF SAND GRIP- MULTI TERRIAN- OTR TYRE 8. MRF LEGEND- PASSENGER BIAS 9. MRF ZVTS- PASSENGER TYRE 10. MRF WANDERER- PASSENGER TYRE 11. MRF SUPER MILER – TRUCK TYRE 12. MRF SUPER LUG- 50- TRUCK TYRE 13. MRF SUPER LUG- 78- TRUCK TYRE 14. MRF SUPER LUG- 50 PLUS- TRUCK TYRE 15. MRF SUPER LUG- 50S- TRUCK TYRE 16. MRF STEEL MUSCLE- TRUCK RADIAL TYRES 17. MRF STEEL MASTER – LCV RADIAL 18. MRF ZVGLSK – ECO FRIENDLY PASSENGER TYRE 19. MRF BIG ROVER – JEEP TYRE 20. MRF SHAKTI – TRACTOR FRONT TYRE 21. MRF SAFARI 22. MRF SHAKTI LIFE- TRACTOR, REAR TYRE CHAPTER 3 COMPANY PROFILE CHAPTER 3 COMPANY PROFILE 3.1 MRF LIMITED MRF was started in the year 1946 by Mr.K.M.Mammen Mappillai, a young entrepreneur from central Kerala. The company was started as a toy and balloon manufacturing unit at Tiruvottiyur, Chennai and from 1951 the company took up the manufacture of tread rubber. By 1958, MRF was known as Madras Rubber Factory Limited. Since 1946, MRF has emerged as the largest tyre manufacturer in India and 12th largest in the world. The company caters to all vehicle segments from commercial vehicles and passenger cars to two-three wheelers and tractors. It has also made a strong presence for itself in both the radial and cross ply segments. It boasts of 68 sales centers, 2500 distributors and exports to over 75 countries, a standing testament to MRF’s outstanding leadership. VISION MRF will be significant global player delighting customers worldwide through Leadership in technology World class systems Excellence in manufacturing Driven by a team of motivated high performers, to achieve profitable growth. CORPORATE AND PLANT FUNCTIONS The corporate office is situated at Chennai where Marketing, Exports, Central planning, Engineering, Quality Assurance, Materials, Human Resource and Industrial Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Safety functions are carried out by Technical and Research and Development functions (plant technical) to cater to specific products. THE MUSCLEMAN The mere mention of the word MRF is bound to bring â€Å"The Muscleman† in the mind of Indians. The muscleman evolved in 1964, soon after MRF began manufacturing tyres. During the last 35 years, the â€Å"Muscleman† has evolved from a mere corporate mascot to a symbol of strength, reliability and durability; embedding the quality of tyres that the muscle man represents. The muscleman evolved into a high-tech symbol in the mid-80, a sign of changing times. Its new appearance was a silent testimony to the indomitable spirit that carried MRF across the INR 20 billion mark. The muscleman’s appearance changed once again in 1996, MRF’s golden jubilee year. He started appearing in full form and is now also known affectionately as the MRF tyre man by motorists across India and 65 countries worldwide, which have come to rely on him for sale and comfortable ride. MRF PRODUCTION UNITS Tiruvottiyur : Tamilnadu Arakonam : Tamilnadu Kottayam : Kerala Ponda : Goa Medak : Andhra Pradesh Puducherry :Tamilnadu POLICIES QUALITY POLICY Quality policy of MRF is to maintain market leadership through continuous  quality improvement. To achieve this goal, all the plants and the corporate office shall pay particular attention to the following: Product or process improvement by field or plant performance monitoring and prompt services to the customers Up gradation of machinery to meet the increasing needs of the customer Continuous training of all employees in order to acquire necessary skills and knowledge At the plant level, the respective senior General Manager or General Manager is assigned the responsibility of carrying out the quality system by collaborating with the corporate functions. SAFETY POLICY It is the policy of our company that, the SAFETY AND HEALTH of our employees shall be our FIRST priority. It is the responsibility of everyone in the organization, regardless of the position he occupies, to ensure that everyone in the factory returns home to his beloved ones without any injury that day and every day We shall observe this policy not only in letter but also in spirit and offer ‘ACCIDENT FREE SAFE PRODUCTION’ for the benefit of one and all. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY The environmental policy of MRF is to manufacture our products in an environmentally friendly and safe manner. To achieve this goal, all the MRF plants, together with the corporate office shall: Minimize the impact of our manufacturing activities on the environment, especially the air, water and soil Comply with all applicable regulatory requirements Develop the environmental performance evaluation procedure for the continuous monitoring Up gradation of the machinery and pollution control equipment when required Train all over employees to perform their activities in an environmentally responsible land safe manner At the plant level, the respective Senior General Manager or General Manager is assigned the responsibility of carrying out the environmental system by collaborating with the corporate functions. TRAINING POLICY The training policy of MRF is to provide and develop knowledge, skills and  behavior of their employees to continuously improve their performance. To achieve this goal, all MRF plants together with the corporate office shall: Identify and document training needs of each employee, through competence evaluation each year Design and publish training calendar and schedule Provide training periodicals based on identified needs and as per the documented schedule Monitor and evaluate training process and outcomes to assess and to decide the next training cycle requirement At the plant level, the respective Senior General Manager or General Manager is assigned the responsibility of carrying out the training activities through Human Resource Department of the plant and the corporate office. TMP POLICY A Total Productive Factory where The work environment is pleasant The work force is highly motivated and empowered The machineries are reliable, efficient and precise to meet the increasing customer demand The product satisfies the customers with high quality and best price MAIN CUSTOMERS 1. Volvo 2. Tata Motors 3. Ashok Leyland 4. Mahindra 5. Force Motors COMPETITOR Some of the major competitors of the company are: 1. Michelin 2. AppoloTyres 3. Bridgestone 4. JK Tyres 5. Goodyear 6. CEAT MILESTONE IN THE MRF HISTORY It was in the late 1946 that a young pioneer, K.M.MAMMEN MAPPILLAI started a small toy balloon manufacturing unit in a small shed at Tiruvottiyur in Chennai. 1952: Company ventured into the manufacture of tread rubber  1955:MRF soon becomes the only Indian owned company to manufacture the superior extruded, non-blooming and cushion- backed tread rubber enabling it to compete with the MNC’s operating in India at the same time 1956: The quality of the product was of a high standard that by the close of 1956, MRF had become the market leader with a 50% share of tread rubber market in India. So effectively was MRF’s hold on the market, that the large multinationals had no other option but gradually withdraw from the tread rubber business in India 1961: With the success achieved in tread rubber, MRF entered into the manufacturing of tyres. MRF established a technical collaboration with the Mansfield Tyre and the Rubber Company of USA. Around the same time, MRF also became a public limited company 1963: Pandit JAWAHAR Nehru laid the foundation stone for the rubber research Center at Tiruvottiyur to commemorate the inauguration of the Tiruvottiyur factory 1964: With the commissioning of the main plant in 1964, MRF also made progress in the export of tyres. An overseas office at Beirut was established to develop the export market, and it was amongst India’s very first efforts on tyre exports. This year also marked the birth of the now famous MRF Muscleman. 1967: MRF became the first Indian company to export tyre to USA- the very birth place of tyre technology 1969: MRF factory built at Kottayam 1970: MRF inaugurated its Kottayam unit 1971: MRF gained license to build factory in Goa 1972: MRF’s fourth factory set up at Arakonam 1973: MRF launched India’s first Nylon car tyre 1978: MRF launched Super lug- the country’s largest selling truck tyre 1979: MRF turnover crossed Rs. 100 crores 1980: MRF entered into a technical collaboration with the B.F. Goodrich Tyre Company of USA, which was involved with the development of tyres for the NASA space- shuttle. With this began a significant exercise in quality improvement and new product development. MRF took a major policy decision to be aggressive on the racing circuits 1983: MRF began rapid product  development programme for the new vehicles entering India 1984: MRF sales turnover crossed Rs. 200 crores. MRF tyres were the first tyre selected for the fitment on the Maruthi Suzuki 800 India’s first modern car 1986: MRF was selected by National Institution of Quality Assurance for their most prestigious award. Pitted against 20 tyre companies worldwide, MRF also won 6 quality improvement awards instituted by B.F Goodrich tyre Company from USA 1987: MRF becomes the No.1 tyre company in India. MRF crossed Rs. 300 crores turnover. MRF legend, the Premium Nylon car tyre was introduced 1988: MRF pace foundation was set up, with international pace bowler, Dennis Lillee as its Director. Not long thereafter, pace bowlers trained at the foundation were selected for the Indian Cricket team 1989: MRF medak plant went on stream. Once again recognition of excellence, MRF was awarded the Visveswaraya Award for the Best Business House in South India and the Economic times Harvard Business School Award for the Best Corporate Performance. MRF collaborated with Hasbro international USA, the world’s largest toy makers and launched Funskool India 1993: K.M.MammenMappillai was awarded the Padmashri award of National Recognition for his contribution to industry the only industrialist from South India to be accorded this honor until that time. MRF was selected as one of India’s most admired marketing companies by the readers of the A and M magazine 1996: MRF celebrated 50 years. Turnover touches Rs.2000 crores. A special factory dedicated to the manufacture of radials was started at Pondicherry. MRF tyres were also chosen for fitment on the Ford Escort, Opel Astra and Fiat Uno 1997: MRF launches its first ever F3 car 1998: MRF launches its Super Lug tyre for trucks 1999: MRF was declared the most ethical company by â€Å"Business World† magazine in its survey 2000: MRF launched the smile campaign on Indian roads 2001: MRF won JD power award for customer satisfaction 2002: The MRF Nylogrip Zappers for two wheelers is launched. MRF wins the JD Power Award 2004: MRF’s turn over crossed Rs. 3000 crores 2006: MRF’s turn over crossed Rs. 5000 crores 2008: MRF’s turn over crossed Rs. 6000 crores 2009: In spite of Global meltdown, MRF’s turn over crossed Rs. 6200 crores MRF LIMITED KOTTAYAM UNIT- OVERVIEW MRF Tyres, Kottayam was set up in 1969 on a hill top in the village of Vadavathoor about 7 km from Kottayam town in the state of Kerala. After starting the first MRF unit at Thiruvottiyur in Chennai, MRF management decided to take advantage of low electricity costs, tax concessions on Natural Rubber at no extra transportation cost and the availability of skilled and educated labor and started the second unit of MRF at Kottayam. The unit started off as a factory building with an area of 34200 sq. ft. and a Ban bury of 3A size with a capacity to mix 10 meters a day. Today MRF houses 265 management staff and 1319 regular workers. It started as a small mixing unit growing into a full scaled manufacturing unit producing tyres. It also manufactures tread rubber and with two newly installed Ban bury. It has become one of the most productive plants in India with a record production of tubes. The commissioning of a tyre plant in 1994 marked a new era in the unit’s history. Initially, t ractor tyres were produced, and then diversified into passenger tyres and truck tyres of various types. The Kottayam plant supplies mixed rubber to the other plants of MRF and with the increase of demand the plant had to be augmented. A new plant exclusively for mixing, was built with huge internal mixers and a mixing capacity of 600 tons per day and is one of the largest mixing units in Asia. PLANTS WITHIN THE KOTTAYAM UNIT Tube plant Tyre plant Mixing plant Pre-cured Tread tyre plant The present turnover of finished goods of Kottayam unit is Rs. 650 crores per annum. Kottayam unit has also started Pre-cured tread rubber (PCTR) production in August 1993. KOTTAYAM PLANT FACTS AND FIGURES Built up area 600000 Sq. Ft. Management staff 252 Nos Regular workmen 1115 Nos Casual workman   399 Nos Total Finished goods production 3400 MT/ month Total turnover of finished goods 37 crores/ month Mixed stock sent to other units 7000 MT/ month Tyre Production 52000 Tyres/ month Tubes, Envelopes and curing bags production 263000/ month Flap Production 82000/ month Conventional tread rubber production 160 MT/ month PCTR Production 330 Tonnes/ month Repair Materials 83 Tonnes/ month Vulcanizing Solutions 32500 Litres/ month FIG 2.1 ORGANISATIONAL CHART 3.2 FUNCTIONAL DEPARTMENTS AT MRF LIMITED The organization is made up of different departments. Departmentalization is the grouping together of similar or logically related activities. There are several bases for departmentalization. The different forms of departmentalization are departmentalization by functions, by products, by regions, by process or a combination of any of them. The basic need of department arises because of specialization of work and limitation on the number of sub-ordinates that can be directly controlled by the superior. Departmentation converts the work into manageable units. If there was no departmentation, there would have been serious limitation on the side of the organization. The company is having eight different departments which play a vital role in the development of the company. The different departments are:- 1. Production Department 2. Human Resource Department 3. Accounts and Finance Department 4. Quality Assurance Department 5. Engineering Department 6. Industrial Engineering Department 7. Technical Department 8. Security and Safety Department PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT Among all the functional areas of management, production is considered to be crucial in any industrial organization. Production in terms of economics is the process developed to create a collection of input, which may be energy, capital, information, material, manpower or any other raw materials into a specified set of output produce like finished goods and services in proper quantity quality. Production is the primary function of the company, thus all other functions support the production department in various segments. Pro-duction Department controls the production process by coordinating the activities of other departments. After receiving the marketing or Sales price from corporate office, the annual production plan is made and this will be further broken down into monthly and weekly plan. MRF has production in four plants. They are Tube plant, Tyre plant Mixing plant and PCTR plant FIG 2.2 PRODUCTION PROCESS PLANT 1 TUBE PLANT In this plant artificial rubber called butyl rubber is used for manufacturing of the tubes. It is mixed with carbon black and chemicals and then extruded into various sizes. After sufficient cooling it is sent for pre-cutting to the required length, value fixing and splicing. It is then moved to the freezing table for cooling the splice joint and is shaped to the required size. After this is taken out and kept inside the curing presses for vulcanization. After the set time the tube is unloaded from the press and sent for inspection. The tubes are then deflated using vacuum and the tube core is inserted. The size are segregated and packed as per the standards. FIG 2.3 PLANT 2 TYRE PLANT Grey fabric is passed through calendaring machine for coating both sides with rubber. From there it goes to a machine called the fabric cutter for cutting  it into different lengths as per specifications. Steel wires are passed through bead extruder for coating with rubber and wounded on specific wheels as per the specifications. On tyre build-ing machine, green tyres are made using calendared fabric, bead, tread etc. Green tyres are vulcanized in tyre curing press by steam heated moulds. After this the tyres are inflated to retain its properties by trimming, inspection and dispatch. FIG 2.4 PLANT 3 MIXING PLANT Ordinary rubber is mixed with carbon black, chemicals and the rubber processing oils in the specified quantities into the rubber mix-ing equipment called the ban bury. From there it is dumped into the dump mill and passed through batch of tanks in sheet form for cooling and is then stored in metal skids. Samples from each batch are tested and the batch is certified for use. This compound rubber is sent to the tyre and PCTR plants. FIG 2.5 PLANT 4— PCTR PLANT Pre — cured Tread Rubber (PCTR) is used for re — treading rubber. Compound rubber is used in mixing mills and extruded to the required size using extruders and passed through conveyors for cool-ing. These slugs are stored in leaf trucks for ageing. It is then vulcanized in the curing process. After curing, an excess flash material is trimmed off and goes for inspection. It is then sent to the stretch wrap-ping machine for packing. FIG 2.6 FUNCTIONS OF PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT The main functions of Production department are: PLANNING FOR PRODUCTION PROCESS: This is based on the monthly plan given by central planning, plant planning department will prepare a simulation plan by dividing the month into 3 segments of 10 days each. The simulation plan given by plant planning for the month is taken as a guide line and each  plant plans the production for each process. The available inventory and the priority of dispatch are taken into consideration while daily schedule is given. Slight changes are made in the simulation plan to reduce the number of sizes running at a time with the objective of improving production efficiency. MATERIAL INDENT AND RECEIPT: The daily requirement of raw materials is calculated on each plant after considering the available inventory and the scheduled production for the next day. Raw material indent is made to raw material store. Raw material stores make arrangements to deliver the indented material at the plant. PROCESSING: Processing is carried out as per the technical specification, BSP (Basic Standard Practice) and the work instruction of the respective department. Set up verification is done for each product and each run. Once the process is stabilized, the process parameters are checked and recorded. If the parameters are as per the specifications, production is continued. If any parameter is not confirming to the specified limits, then necessary correction is made and the production process is resumed. Whenever a machine/ equipment are behaving abnormally, it is informed to the engineering department. If the process variation is abnormal, production is stopped by production supervisor/ quality supervisor/ technical supervisor. The abnormality of machine is rectified by engineering department and the machine is handed over to production. If any non-conformance is noticed in the product, it is held using NCM [Non-Conforming Material] tag. Whenever engineering department notices a machine behaving abnormally, they request production stoppage through a maintenance request PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION AND TRACEABILITY: The objective of proper identification and traceability is to prevent mixing up of products and to ensure traceability of products at various stages. This applies to raw materials, in- process materials and finished goods. For example, in the case of extruded tubes, details like size, month code, year code, plant code, date of extrusion, extruder operator code, and ‘ made from imported Butyl are printed. Traceability is ensured in different ways. For example, while extruding treads, the details of stock (like stock code, date and shift of mixing, batch numbers) used for extruding those treads are entered in the traceability register. CHECKING AND INSPECTION: The activity of inspection covers raw materials, process parameters, in – process materials and finished goods. Inspection is done to ensure that the materials, equipment and storage area are free from any contamination. Proper identification of the materials, FIFO (first in first out), ageing (minimum and maximum), and test status (whether the material is tested and cleared, or is pending for test or is it rejected after testing) are checked. Dimension checking is done during in – process operations. Visual checking is done on in – process materials for defects like cured lumps, air traps, wrinkles, improper cutting etc. process parameters like temperature, pressure, water flow etc are also checked. Visual inspection of finished product is carried out by production department. CONTROL OF NON- CONFIRMING PRODUCTS: During the processing, if any non-conformance is noticed in the product, it is held with a NCM (Non-Conforming Material) tag, which is filled up in duplicate with details like the material that has been held, size/ code, defect, quality held and the location where the material is kept. It has separate space for writing down the disposal and also the disposal follow up. CORRECTIVE AND PREVENTIVE ACTION: Corrective is a required action when a non-conformity is noticed either in process or product, immediate corrective action is taken to rectify the defect, so that the process or product is not affected any further. Preventive action is required when recurring non conformities which are noticed, in process by production, quality, technical or engineering are taken up for discussion in the weekly QA( Quality Assurance) meeting to initiate preventive action in consultation with the concerned departments. In case of occurrence of non-conforming process or product due to operational lapse, the concerned people are trained. In other cases, the proposed preventive action is recorded in the minutes of the meeting and the responsibility of implementing is assigned to the concerned departmental person as decided in the meeting. This is followed up in the  subsequent meetings and reviewed for its effectiveness. If the preventive action calls for a change in p rocedure or work instructions, this is discussed in the weekly Quality Assurance Meeting and a joint decision is taken by the departmental heads. HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT Human resource management perceives organizations in their totality. Every organization requires many things in order to be effective for producing the product or service, financial resources, away of marketing whatever product or service is created by human resource. People are the real assets of an organization. Without human beings the organization cannot attain any progress. The production, technology, financing and customer connection can all be copied easily. But every organization must find effective way to attract, retain and motivate employees. FIG 2.7 FUNCTIONS OF HR DEPARTMENT HUMAN RESOURCE PLANNING The Board of Directors, Plant Manager and the HR Manager will decide the number of employees required, their qualification, method of requirement, remuneration etc. RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION It is one of the main functions of HR department. In the case of management staff, the functions of recruitment, selection and placement is done by corporate HR department. Induction and orientation is given by plant HR. this is to align the objectives and the goals of the individual with that of the company, so that the synergy produces benefits to the company as well as to the individual. In the case of workmen, selection is done by plant HR department through a written test followed by an interview. Then they are given induction and orientation before being sent to the plant for on the job training. Workers are selected at 100% merit basis. Experience is considered as an additional qualification. MRF provides the tradition of selecting the relatives of the existing employees wherever a vacancy arises provided the relative is fit and suitable for the job. 1. Application Blank 2. Antecedent Verification 3. Medical Checkup 4. Blood Group Testing 5. Reference Letter 6. Recommendation Letter 7. Selection List 8. Physical Examination 9. Selection Interview 10. Appointment TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT A program of training and development is important as it lends stability and flexibility to an organization, besides contributing to its capacity to grow. It is essential to help in developing skills and updating knowledge. Especially in a cut- throat world, an organization must commit resource in employee training and development if it has to maintain a viable knowledge work force. PROCEDURE FOR TRAINING The plant Human Resource Department maintains records of education, experience and training of all personnel. The plant HRD sends competency evaluation forms to all department heads once a year. The significant aspects in each job which affects product quality are identified in various work centers and the significant jobs are listed out. The Department Heads along with the section heads determine the necessary competence required for personnel whose work affects product quality. The competencies of those who perform significant jobs are evaluated and the area in which training is to be imparted is determined for those who fall below the required competency level. These details are sent back to the HRD by concerned department Heads. HRD consolidates the training requirements and a training calendar is prepared. For external training programs wherever required plant sends the details to corporate functional heads for approval and corporate HR arranges the approved training programs. Internal training programs are conducted with either internal or external faculties. Training programs are conducted in accordance with the identified training needs of the employees and also  the company needs (wherever required). Training details are recorded in the training register. The details of the training program attended by each employee are entered in the data base after the training program. Wherever feasible, pre training and post training tests are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the training programs. Wherever pre training and post training are not feasible, training evaluation forms are filled by the participants and sent to plant HR/Corp.HR. New entrants are given orientation training as per the orientation schedule. Monthly reports of the training activities are sent to Corporate HR . MODES OF TRAINING The various modes of training are as follows: a. Knowledge Based training b. Skill based Training (On –the- job and Off- the- job) The methods used in Knowledge Based Training or conceptual training are total Productive Maintenance (TPM) and ISO 9000 to ensure quality to both products and employees. At the same time, Skill Based Training includes mainly Technical Training. On- the -job training is usually meant for the men at work place as well as supervisors. It includes activities, assignments, operations, machinery etc. Off- the- job training is usually given to employees from General Manager to workmen. Off –the- job training consists of class room classes, training, quality training, meetings, behavior based training, external training. WAGE AND SALARY ADMINISTRATION The wages of the workmen is fixed based on the long term agreement. It is paid to the workmen based on the work done on each day as a piece rate system. The work done on each day is recorded in work sheets and it is routed through time office to the accounts section where wages to be paid are calculated and paid. The wages to be paid for the casual workmen is fixed and revised from time to time. In the case of management staff, salary is fixed by the corporate HRD. The plant HRD coordinates the periodic appraisal of performance which is the basis for salary revision. The salary for the staff is paid on the basis of attendance and this is  monitored by time office which is a function of HRD. The time office does the functions of time keeping, attendance monitoring and up keep of leave records. PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL Performance appraisal is the systematic, periodic and an impartial rating of an employee’s excellence in their allotted work and is treated properly by giving Dearness Allowance, Fringe Benefits, Bonuses and other payments according to the rules and regulations of the company. According to the seniority and performance, an employee gets a shift in his position in the same hierarchy. It depends upon the parameters such as seniority, merit and the suitability of the job. The performance appraisal is done on weekly, monthly, half yearly and yearly basis. INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND LABOUR MANAGEMENT The company has very good cordial industrial relations. The two trade unions of the company are: → MRF Employees Union (INTUC)  Ã¢â€ â€™ MRF employees union (CITU) The trade union consists of an organization. They also have a level of hierarchy. The local leaders of the trade union are the Secretary, Treasurer and a Convener. The external leader comprises of President, Vice President and General Secretary. The workmen category of MRF is controlled by a Long Term Agreement every three years. Negotiations and conciliation between Management and Workmen are made over the table through continued discussions. This is mainly organized by HR with the help of Industrial Engineers and other departments involved. DISCIPLINARY ACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS Absenteeism is dealt in MRF in a very strict manner. An employee who absents himself regularly is first called and advised to improve the attendance. After that if he is not improving, a show cause notice issued and asked for written explanation, which has to be submitted within 48 hours of notice. If he still continuous to be absent, he is issued a first warning, then a second warning. After this he will be suspended and if he still has not changed, he will be terminated. This principle is applicable to all the  employees who are irregular and who violate the rules and regulations of the company. The procedure of this rule is descriptive. Employees, who are absent regularly, would be given a show cause notice. A charge sheet is issued upon the receipt of unsatisfactory reply to the show cause notice. A domestic enquiry is also issued. By this procedure, the absentees and those who violate the rules and regulations are made to understand the situation that led them to this conduct. The second show cause notice is issued for the employees to present reasons. If he/she fails to state a convincing reason, then he/she would be suspended or even dismissed from the company. These rules are common for all the employees who are trying to falsify the record or status of the company. The dismissed employee is considered in the case of an assault or making the person a criminal. STATUTORY AND NON STATUTORY WELFARE MEASURES The welfare of labour is the statutory code which is controlled by the Factories Act for the benefit of the employees within the industrial system. Sometimes the living and cultural condition of the employees beyond which is required by the law, keeping in par with the customs of the industry and the conditions of the market. Labour welfare aims at providing the physical, psychological and general well-being of the work population. The welfare officer carries out all the functions and activities related to labour welfare and take care of the physical and general well-being of the employees. The main functions of the Welfare Officer are as follows: The welfare officer helps to maintain a harmonious relationship between the factory management and the workers by establishing contact and holding consultations. To notice the grievance of the workers to the management and act as a Liaison officer between the management and the labour. OTHER WELFARE FACILITIES Loans are given to employees to purchase vehicles for them, educational loans are also provided. Basic essential facilities such as food, shelter, sanitation, recreational facilities, reading facilities are also provided. Workers in the factory are provided with safety gloves, shoes, masks for the accident free working environment. MEDICAL FACILITIES Every employee and his family members are covered under some or other Health Scheme based on the wage package.at the moment if it is below Rs.7500/-they will be covered under ESI scheme. If it is above the limit then a special Medical Insurance Scheme is arranged for them covering the expenses in connection with Hospitalization and Personal Accident. WORKING HOURS The working hours in MRF are divided into 4 shifts, the time allotted to each shift is mentioned under:- General shift -8.00am to 4.30pm First shift -7.00am to 3.00pm Second shift -3.00pm to 11.00am Third shift -11.00pm to 7.00am ACCOUNTS AND FINANCE DEPARTMENT Finance is the life blood of every organization. According to J.F. Brodley â€Å"Financial management is the area of business management devoted to a judicious use of capital and careful selection of the source of capital in order to enable a business firm to move in the direction of reaching its goals†. A firm cannot sustain in the absence of an efficient financial department. Plant account manager is in full charge of various activities done by the accounts department. He verifies the various functions done in each section. He takes decision for maximizing the profit and minimizing the expenses. He makes an important decision. This department keeps accounts of all the financial transactions of the company. The accounting period of MRF is from October 1st of one year to September 31st of the next year. MRF has a fully computerized accounting of production unit starting from the issue of goods received to the final documentation is computerized. Funds obtained for capital structuring for both internal and external sources. The internal sources include capital reserved debentures; shareholders etc. and the  external sources include banks such as SBI, Canara Bank etc. the strategy that the company has adopted is to go for credit transactions and payment will be made within one month time. All the costing taxation, salaries and wages, fringe benefits turnove r details etc are computed and posted by the raw materials stores, engineering stores, shipping departments and engineering departments. Wages, fringe benefits turnover details etc are computed and posted by the raw materials stores, engineering stores, shipping departments and engineering departments. FIG 2.8 FUNCTIONS OF ACCOUNTS AND FINANCE DEPARTMENT * FINANCIAL ACCOUNTS This branch deals with all types of cash payments and receipts. This will include payment for engineering and raw material purchase, petty cash payments, operation and reconciliation of bank accounts, payment to the government in the form of taxes and levies, payment of PF, deduction from salary and payment of loan outstanding and insurance premium of employee, freight payments, payment in lieu of travel bill of employees, canteen expenses, payment to contractors, payment of leave travel allowance, medical re-imbursement etc. cash receipts in the case of scrap sales and any other cash receipt will also come under this branch of accounts. FIG 2.9 FINANCIAL RESULTS 2009-2010 [Rs in crore] 2009 2010 Sales 6141.94 8080.45 Other Income 34.40 41.97 Total Income 6176.34 8122.42 Profit Before Taxation 398.48 534.66 Provision for Taxation 145.45 180.68 Profit after Taxation 253.03 353.98 Share Capital 4.24 4.24 Reserves 1357.18 1686.44 Net Worth 1361.42 1690.68 Fixed Assets Gross 3020.57 3865.62 * COST ACCOUNTS This branch deals with forecasting, budgeting, analyzing and re-porting the income and expenditure of the company. The budget for expenditure is prepared using standard costing principles and it is com-pared with the actual expenditure. Any variation from the budget (whether positive or negative) is analyzed to find the exact reason and it is reported to the top management. * WAGES AND SALARY Computation of wages and salaries is done by this section of accounts departments. Wages of workmen are fixed in the long term agreement and is calculated on a daily basis depending on various factors like grade, number of hours worked, the output achieved etc. * SALES TAX All matters related to sales tax are handled by this section. Monthly returns for sales tax are filed on behalf of sales depots. VAT (Value Added Tax) system has been introduced and all matters related to this are also looked after by this branch of accounts. C forms are issued for purchases from outside the state and F forms are issued for receipt of goods from depots. QUALITY ASSURANCE DEPARTMENT Quality is considered as the most effective tool to improve productivity, to achieve cost effectiveness, to improve profitability and market share and to remain competitive in the global market. In the business environment of today, quality impacts not only products and services but also many other relevant entities such as process, systems, people and organization. When a person buys our product, he has certain expectations. These are determined by several factors and it de-pends on the intended use of the product. The expectations can be performance, price, dependability, consistency of performance etc. If the product fulfills the customers expectations when it is used, he will be pleased with tile product and will say that product is of good quality. If his expectations are not met he will say that the product is of low quality. FIG 2.10 FUNCTIONS OF QUALITY ASSURANCE DEPARTMENT The quality system requirements of the customers are collected and all efforts are taken to ensure that the requirements are met. This is done by employing statistical process control techniques and by training the operators. The different functions of quality assurance department are as follows: → To process audit and final product inspection → To improve the profitability of the company by reducing defects and waste generation → To materialize the document called Basic standard practice, which says how the process is to be carried out, what are the ‘do’s and  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœdon’t’s of each process etc → Whenever a process or product does not meet the specifications, the process is stopped and the defective products are kept held using a tag called the NCM (Non-Conforming Material) tag → To check whether the process is carried out in concurrence with the laid down specifications and the basic standard practice → The performance of the product are recorded and monitored on a daily basis so that any abnormal deviation can be easily detected and attacked → To initiate studies for implementing new systems and procedures on the principle of continuous improvement. FMEA (Failure Mode Effect Analysis) is carried out and a control plan is also prepared to ensure that the causes of failure are avoided before they happen → Whenever a tool change is done, the relevant parameters are checked by quality Assurance and certification is done before the commencement of production → Whenever a new machinery is installed, QA carries out the process of industrialization of machinery, in collaboration with engineering and technical department → Audits on suppliers and outside godowns are conducted periodically to ensure that the materials procured are of the required quality and also ensure that they are stored in the manner that does not give room for any determination → Slow moving and non-moving items are tracked at regular intervals to avoid the material getting deteriorated due to prolonged storage and to avoid producing material which is not needed in the market. ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT The functions of Engineering Department are divided into mechanical, electrical, instrumentation, civil and environmental engineer-ing. The main functions are new machinery layout preparation, erection and commissioning of new machinery, preventive maintenance, breakdown maintenance, condition monitoring and overhauling of machinery and other related equipment’s. Erection, commissioning, operation and maintenance of utility items, generators, boilers, compressors, pumps, freezer lines and cooling towers and maintenance of material handling systems are done by engineering departments. The maintenance of equipment’s at pump house and allocation of training centers are also done. FIG 2.11 FUNCTIONS OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT MECHANICAL MAINTENANCE 1. Preventive Maintenance All equipment’s that need preventive maintenance are listed out. It is ensured that the equipment history and manuals are available for all machines. A preventive maintenance schedule is prepared after a careful analysis of breakdowns in the machine and based on the personal experience of the maintenance personnel. Preventive maintenance schedule for the particular week is taken and the necessary materials, tools, manpower and spares are arranged. The necessary clearances are obtained from planning and production of equipment’s and the machine is released for maintenance. The schedule maintenance activities are carried out based on work instructions and experience. Then the machine is checked and handed over to production. Based on the number and nature of breakdowns in each machine during the year, the preventive maintenance schedule reviewed and a new schedule is prepared for the next year. 2. Breakdown Maintenance The defective machinery is identified either by production or by engineering and a maintenance request is generated. In case of production detecting the flow, production raises the maintenance request and in the case of engineering detecting the flow, engineering raises the maintenance request and arranges for the tools, maintenance personnel and spare parts. Then the machine is released for the maintenance. The required maintenance jobs are carried out and the machine is thoroughly checked. If the maintenance is done, then the machine is handed over to the production. Otherwise the necessary rectifications are done again. Every month, down time analysis is done and permanent corrective actions are initiated in the case of recurring failures. CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS FINDINGS MRF Limited is the leading tyre manufacturing company in India which has exports over 75 countries across the world MRF makes tyres for heavy duty trucks, bus, light truck, passenger car to motor cars, rally cars, off the road earth movers, two and three wheelers, farm service and military service Talking about the findings on the infrastructure of the manufacturing plant in Kottayam, there is good working environment for the employees The usage of modern and updated technology, in the field of production process gives a cutting edge to the modernization of the company The improved quality standards of the company show a tremendous achievement in the tyre industry All departments are well structured Good working environment for employees Team effort and honesty in their strength Health and safety of employees are given importance Training programmes and meetings are held subsequently SUGGESTIONS The present strategies of the company in various segments should be improvised especially in the case of setting up a marketing development in the unit The company should maintain better tie ups with the dealers and subsidiary institutions More attractive advertisements in media would help in marketing The company website should be updated often Motivational incentives should be given to the best performers in the organization as it could be the best way to do performance appraisal to figure out if more productivity of the work is being performed It is better to provide a collaborative system and approach to the current limitations of the work methods and need to support track and achieve the revision work It is better to diversify MRF products to avoid the limitations of current exports CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION MRF has been the potential market leader and the trend setter in the tyre industry for the last 21 years inspite of the emergence of competitors and their competition. The company has a considerable lead over the arch rivals in the tyre market but has a stiff competition from the other global players. The clinical performance of the company is only because of the combined efforts of management and its employees. MRF has been successful in providing high quality and technology superior products to the customers. Being driven by technology and product innovation, every tyre that comes out is of the highest standards and tested to the toughest conditions to take on any role. Hence it is clearly visible that the company is in the forefront of the tyre industry and hope that it is going to continue the same impact in each segment of the tyre industry for a long time. The organizational study at MRF Limited, Kottayam, which helped me in gaining awareness of the functioning of different dep artment in the unit and give an outlook of the various modes of work being performed at managerial level, middle level and at the bottom level of the organization. The study has helped me to get a clear picture of the objectives and policies of the company and the mission of MRF and that is to maintain market leadership in the long run.